System and method for router virtual networking

ABSTRACT

A host router is logically partitioned into virtual router domains that manage independent processes and routing application copies but share a common operating system. Each v-net manages an independent set of sockets and host router interfaces, each associated with only one v-net at one time, but interchangeably repartitionable Traffic is removed from an interface during repartitioning. Duplicate arrays of global variables copied to each v-net are accessed by macro references. A v-net facility can separate route tables used internally from the externally visible route tables and can avoid conflicts between internal and external IP addresses that share the same identifier. For example a common FreeBSD operating system supports a dynamic routing protocol (DRP) application. Each v-net runs an independent copy of the DRP software and is logically independent. A failure in one DRP copy does not adversely affect other copies.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of, and hereby claims priority under 35 U.S.C §120 to, pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/210,957, entitled “System and Method for Router Virtual Networking,” by inventors Thomas Lee Watson and Lance Arnold Visser, filed on 15 Sep. 2008 (Attorney Docket No. FDRY-0179.1-CON-US), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/896,228, filed 29 Jun. 2001, by the same inventors (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,441,017).

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates to the field of communication networks, and particularly to large-scale routers for optical communication networks.

BACKGROUND

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is an underlying connection protocol that is typically used for all types of network communication. A route is essentially the mapping of an IP address to an egress port of a router. Different network routers set up connections with their peer routers using operating systems, for example Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) over TCP or OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) over Internet Protocol (IP) to determine that they get route information from their peers, allowing them to construct essentially an internal map of the network and to select the route that they should use, as well as verification that their peers are operating correctly. This is accomplished by sending various keep-alive packets back and forth to make sure that their peers are still correctly functioning. Routes are used internally within a router, for example a Master Control Processor (MCP) communicates through an Ethernet control network (CNET) within a router with the shelf control processors, each of which have individual IP addresses. Processes including routing applications, for example Dynamic Routing Protocol (DRP), run on these operating systems. Sockets are end points of communication associated with a process. A particular process can have more than one socket.

In a router with a large number of ports, for example 320 ports, that communicates with peer routers, it is advantageous to subdivide that single large router logically into several smaller virtual routers, each of which can be individually configured. There can be separate departments in a large company, or an Internet provider wanting to partition a large router among clients, for example for security reasons. However, previous implementations of subdividing routers having large numbers of ports have been cumbersome.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a system and method which logically partition a host router into virtual router domains that run independent processes and routing application copies but share a common operating system. Each v-net domain manages an independent set of interface ports. Each process manages an independent set of sockets.

In some embodiments a v-net domain architecture is used to partition a host router. Some v-net domains support virtual routers, whereas other v-net domains support only internal router processes and management applications. Thus, not every v-net domain supports a virtual router. A single v-net domain can support more than one process. A v-net facility can advantageously separate route tables used internally from the externally visible routes, making network management easier and more transparent. With separate v-net domains for example, the IP address of an internal shelf control processor does not conflict with the same IP address that is assigned elsewhere on the Internet. In a v-net implementation, duplicate arrays of global variables are instantiated in each virtual router domain and are accessed by macro references.

A common FreeBSD operating system running on the MCP supports a dynamic routing protocol (DRP) application. Each new virtual router is independently managed by its own copy of the DRP application for as many virtual routers as exist. If something goes awry in one DRP copy, it does not affect other copies. Each v-net domain manages a separate set of the interfaces associated with the host router, which provide connections to peer routers. For example, if a host router has 320 ports, one v-net domain can manage 120 ports or interfaces, and another v-net domain can manage another 120 ports. All of these ports and interfaces can be interchangeably partitioned. For each Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) port on a line card, there is an interface (IF) data structure in FreeBSD that represents that SONET port. Any interface can be associated with only one v-net at one time, but can he moved among v-nets to reconfigure the host router. Traffic is removed from an interface while it is being moved. At a high level the host router is partitioned, and each partition normally is managed by an independent copy of the DRP software. In an administrative sense, each of these partitions is logically independent.

Certain activities are still managed across the entire host router, for example failure reporting of hardware in the host router, which is machine specific, and therefore is a resource shared by all of the partitions.

This partitioning also allows the routes between the individual components such as the line cards and processors internal to a router to be contained in route tables separate from externally visible routes. Partitioning the router also facilitates testing, such that one partition might be used for normal network traffic and another might be used to test for example new software or new network configurations for new types of protocols. Additionally, a degree of redundancy is achieved, such that failure of one partition generally does not adversely affect another partition sharing the same host router.

Various aspects of the invention are described in co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/703,057, entitled “System And Method For IP Router fly With an Optical Core,” filed Oct. 31, 2000, the disclosure of which has been incorporated herein by reference.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:

FIG. 1 is a logical diagram illustrating the principles of router virtual networking, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In embodiments of the present invention, a host network router is logically partitioned into multiple virtual networking domains sharing a common operating system. FIG. 1 is a logical diagram illustrating the principles of router virtual networking, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In the implementation of FIG. 1, a host router 10 is logically partitioned into v-net domains 12, 14, and 16 that are associated with networking systems. Each v-net 12, 14, 16 has a unique v-net ID address 13, 15, 17, in accordance with network protocols. Host router 10 and each of v-nets 12, 14, 16 are further logically subdivided into two spaces, shown in FIG. 1 separated horizontally by a solid line, namely a user level 18 and a kernel level 20 of the shared common operating system (OS), for example a version of FreeBSD. The present FreeBSD operating system runs on the host router Master Control Processor (MCP), described for example in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/703,057, entitled “System And Method For IP Router With an Optical Core,” filed Oct. 31, 2000, cited above, the disclosure of which has been incorporated herein by reference, and the dynamic routing protocol (DRP) application software runs on top of FreeBSD.

An operating system contains within it logical notions called processes 22-26, for example Internet Management Application 22, DRP 23, 25, or Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) agent application 24, 26, running on v-nets 12, 14, and 16. Different individual v-nets can manage the same, different, single, or multiple processes. V-net domains 14 and 16, each running DRP and SNMP processes, are virtual routers, whereas v-net domain 12, running only an internal management application, is not a virtual router. The present FreeBSD operating system supports multiple processes, among which arc DRP 23, 25, SNMP 24, 26, and Internal Management Application 22. Each process occupies some user level space 18 and also some operating system kernel level space 20. User level space 18 includes the application and the values of all the application variables (riot shown in FIG. 1), whereas OS or kernel level space 20 of the process includes internal data that the kernel maintains with each process. Typical examples of internal kernel data include descriptors or descriptions of open files and the ID of the user that owns the process, attributes that are added to each process associated with a particular v-net.

Among other things associated with a particular v-net are interfaces, for example interfaces 42-1 through 42-3 associated with v-net 12. An interface represents for example a particular physical hardware Ethernet card, gigabit Ethernet card, or SONBT line card interconnected with a remote router. This allows partitioning of host router interfaces, such that for example interfaces 42-1 through 42-3 contain v-net ID 13 of v-net 12 with which they are associated. V-net domain 12 maintains an interface list 42-0 pointing to interfaces 42-1 through 42-3. Similarly v-net domain 14 maintains an interface list 43-0 pointing to interfaces 43-1 through 43-3 carrying v-net ID 15 of v-net domain 14, and v-net domain 16 maintains an interface list 45-0 pointing to interfaces 45-1 through 45-3 carrying v-net ID 17 of v-net domain 16.

Each process 22-26 can create sockets, which are end points of communication associated with a process, for example sockets 32-i through 32-3 associated with process 22 in v-net domain 12. A particular process can have more than one socket. Each socket has a v-net IDassociated with it, for example sockets 32-1 through 32-3 each contain v-net ID 13 of v-net 12. In v-net 12, management application 22 maintains a descriptor table, for example file descriptor table 32-0 of v-net 12, holding references to sockets 32-1 through 32-3 and to files, which are each associated with specific application 22. Similarly, in v-net 14, DRP application 23 maintains descriptor table 33-0, holding references to sockets 33-1 through 33-3 and to files associated with application 23, and SNMP application 24 maintains descriptor table 34-0 holding references to sockets 34-1 through 34-3 and to files associated with application 24. Likewise in v-net 16, DRP application 25 maintains descriptor table 35-0, holding references to sockets 35-1 through 35-3 and to files associated with application 25, and SNMP application 26 maintains descriptor table 36-0 holding references to sockets 36-1 through 36-3 and to files associated with application 26.

Sockets are partitioned basically according to the domain in which communication takes place. Each of the things done to the socket is interpreted in the context of the particular v-net in which the socket is created, and therefore the socket carries that particular v-net identifier. The process has a v-net identifier, because when a process creates a new socket, which it is able to do, each socket that it creates is then created in a process of that v-net identifier. For example, if a process is associated with v-net 0 creates a socket, then that socket is automatically associated with v-net 0, gets its routing tables from v-net 0, and can then use all of the interfaces that are assigned to v-net 0. A process can, however, change its v-net identifier and thereby its v-net association, for example by moving logically from v-net 0 to v-net 1, and can then create a new socket associated with v-net 1, which uses routing tables and interfaces of v-net 1, which are disjoint with the interfaces for v-net 0.

Once a socket is created, it cannot be moved to another v-net, but remains in the domain in which it was created. However, a process, by changing its v-net identifier, can then create sockets in multiple domains. Consequently, a process can essentially communicate across domains by creating a socket in each one, but each socket, throughout its existence, is fixed in its original domain. Multiple sockets created by a process are distinctly different from a single socket that is simply interpreted in different ways. For example a single process can create ten distinct sockets in one domain and five distinct sockets in another domain. For example, socket 35-4 is created in v-net domain 12 by DRP application 25 and carries v-net ID 13, although socket 35-4 is referenced in descriptor list 35-0 of DRP application 25, which is now in v-net domain 16. Likewise, socket 33-4 is created in v-net domain 12 by DRP application 23 and thus carries v-net ID 13, although socket 33-4 is referenced in descriptor list 33-0, which is now in v-net domain 14. A socket is destroyed when a process exits or when a process closes down the communication end point represented by that socket. After a socket is destroyed, it is no longer associated with any domain, and the memory associated with it is freed.

If for example v-net 14 and v-net 16 are two networking domains of host router 10, and if v-net 14 is a production network carrying live traffic with production code in it, or production network connections carrying real customer traffic, then a socket associated with v-net 14 is operating in that v-net's space and has routing tables 48 for that v-net to route live traffic. Consequently, if the socket were to select a particular IP address, that IP address would use production routing tables 48. A different socket in a different v-net 16 is for example used for a small test bed and contains a different set of routing tables 50. Accordingly, when a message is sent on v-net 16 with an IP address, that IP address is interpreted in the context of v-net 16 running the small test bed.

Global variables are variables that are accessible to all the various logical contexts or threads of execution that are running concurrently within an operating system. Thus a global variable is not on the stack of a particular thread. Accordingly, all global variables are available to every process that is running within the operating system. Global variables include at least at the top level, for example, the IP address of a machine or a copy of the routing tables so that a process knows where to send packets. There are a certain set of global variables associated with the networking code, and in order to make the networking codes support partitioning, the set of global variables associated with networking are replicated, one copy 47 for each v-net domain, such that the operating system effectively contains, rather than one copy of the networking data structures, N instantionations of the a networking stack, replicating all the various functions of the networking code, including replicated routing tables and replicated TCP control blocks linked together throughout the basic data structure. Thus, effectively all of the important variables in the networking system are replicated, so that they can be independently managed. This can be thought of as an operating system with N instantiations of the networking system.

The basic approach of the v-net code is to take global variables that need to be replicated for each v-net domain, and to make an array of them. As an example tcpstat, the tcp statistics structure, is declared in tcp_var.h struct tcpstat { . . . } and defined in tcp_input.c as struct tcpstat tcpstat. To have a separate set of statistics for each v-net domain requires changing the definition to struct tcpstat tcpstat[NVNET] and changing all references to index by the appropriate v-net domain number.

To make v-net facility a configuration option, the declarations and references are encapsulated in macros. The macros generate arrays when v-nets are configured in and scalars when v-nets are deconfigured. As an example the tcpstat declaration becomes VDECL (struct tcpstat, tcpstaT), in which the first macro argument is the type, and the second macro argument is the name. It will be noted that the variable name is changed from tcpstat to tcpstaT. This convention is followed throughout the global variable generation, i.e., variables that are virtualized and global across more than one file are changed to have the final letter in their name capitalized. This is done for three reasons:

-   -   1) to differentiate global variables from local variables and/or         types of the same name for readability,     -   2) to ensure that all references to global variables are fixed         appropriately (by causing a compile error if the variable name         is not changed); and     -   3) to denote global variables plainly for possible future         changes.

References to virtualized variables are made using one of two macros, _v(name), or _V(name, index), where name is the variable name and index is the v-net domain index to be used. The macro _v uses a per CPU global index variable vnetindex. It will be noted that all references to virtualized variables must be made with these macros, without exception, so that the references are correct without requiring #ifdef's when v-nets are configured or deconfigured.

In addition to defining a methodology that handles virtualization of variables, a selection is needed of the correct set of global variables to be replicated for each v-net domain, and the replicated variables need to be correctly referenced by macros in the appropriate v-net domain. For example, global variables can be identified by using a script that analyzes object (_o) files for the global variables they define, by code inspection, or by information from other sources (see for example the tables of global variables in TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation, Gary R. Wright and W. Richard Stevens, Addison-Wesley 1995, p. 64, 97, 128, 158, 186, 207, 248, 277, 305, 340, 383, 398, 437, 476, 572, 680, 715, 756, 797, 1028, and 1051).

The following Appendix A is basically a table of the global variables that are virtualized in some implementations, listing the name and the purpose of the variable. The variables that are virtualized are generally marked “virtualized” in the table. Although virtualized variables shown in the table are usually marked “virtualized,” other variables in the table have been analyzed but excluded from virtualization. All of the “virtualized” variables are essentially replicated, such that each v-net maintains its own set of these variables. Then macros, program conventions that allow textural substitution, are provided, such that everywhere a global variable is accessed, a replacement access is a macro reference selected from the correct set of variables based on the correct v-net.

In the present embodiment, multiple networking domains are implemented by the same operating system, unlike previous approaches, in which for example a computer is subdivided into virtual domains that partition the hardware and run separate operating systems in each domain.

APPENDIX A VARIABLE ANALYSIS Analysis/ Variable Data Type Defining File Description Disposition Head static struct igmp.c Head of router_info linked list. Virtualized. router_info * Addmask_key static char * radix.c Temporary storage for Invariant. rn_addmask. arp_allocated static int if_ether.c Total number of llinfo_arp Virtualized. structures allocated. arp_inuse static int if_ether.c Current number of llinfo_arp Virtualized. structures in use. arp_maxtrics static int if_ether.c Tunable. Maximum number of Tunable. Not retries for an arp request. virtualized. arp_proxyall static int if_ether.c Tunable. Enables forming a Tunable. Not proxy for all arp requests. virtualized. arpinit_done static int if_ether.c Indicates initialization is done. Invariant. Initialization handles all vnets. arpintrq struct ifqueue if_ether.c Arp interrupt request queue. Invariant. Shared by all vnets. Vnet switching when pulled off queue. arpt_down static int if_ether.c Tunable. No. of seconds Tunable. Not between ARP flooding virtualized. algorithm. arpt_keep static int if_ether.c Tunable. No. seconds ARP Tunable. Not entry valid once resolved. virtualized. arpt_prune static int if_ether.c Tunable. No. seconds between Tunable. Not checking ARP list. virtualized. bpf_bufsize static int bpf.c Tunable. Tunable. Not virtualized. bpf_cdevsw static struct bpf.c Table of entry point function Invariant. cdevsw pointers. bpf_devsw_installed static int bpf.c Initialization flag. Invariant. bpf_dtab static struct bpf.c Descriptor structure, one per Invariant. bpf_d open bpf device. (NBPFILTER) bpf_dtab_init static int bpf.c Another initialization flag. Invariant. bpf_iflist static struct bpf.c Descriptor associated with each Invariant. bpf_if attached hardware interface. clns_recvspace static u_long raw_clns.c Constant (patchable). Amount Not virtualized. of receive space to reserve in socket. clns_sendspace static u_long raw_clns.c Constant (patchable). Amount Not virtualized. of send space to reserve in socket. clns_usrreqs struct pr_usrreqs raw_clns.c Function pointers for clns user Invariant. requests. clnsg struct clnsglob raw_clns.c Global state associated with Virtualized. ray_clns.c, including list heads and counters. clnsintrq struct ifqueue raw_clns.c Clns interrupt request queue. Invariant. Shared by all vnets. Vnet switching done when removed from queue. clnssw struct protosw raw_clns.c Pointers to protocol entry Invariant. points & associated data. counter static u_int64_t ip_fw.c Counter for ipfw_report. Virtualized. div_recvspace static u_long ip_divert.c Amount of receive space to Invariant. reserve in socket. div_sendspace static u_long ip_divert.c Amount of send space to Invariant. reserve in socket divcb static struct ip_divert.c Head of inpcb structures for Virtualized. inpcbhead divert processing. divcbinfo static struct ip_divert, c Pcbinfo structure for divert Virtualized. inpcbinfo processing. dst static struct bpf.c Sockaddr prototype. Invariant. sockaddr err_prefix char[ ] ip_fw.c Constant string for printfs. Invariant. etherbroadcastaddr u_char [6] if_ethersubr.c Constant. Ethernet broadcast Invariant. link address. expire_upcalls_ch static struct ip_mroute.c Callout handle for Virtualized. callout_handle expire_upcalls. fcstab static u_short ppp_tty.c Constant. Table for FCS Invariant. [256] lookup. frag_divert_port static u_short ip_input.c Divert protocol port. ? Conditionally compiled iwith IPDIVERT. fw_debug static int ip_fw.c Tunable. Enables debug print. Not virtualized. fw_one_pass static int ip_fw.c Tunable. Enables accepting Not virtualized. packet if passes first test. fw_verbose static int ip_fw.c Tunable; controls verbosity of Not virtualized. firewall debugging messages. fw_verbose_limit static int ip_fw.c Tunable. Limits amount of Not virtualized. logging. have_encap_tunnel static int ip_mroute.c Indicates presence of an Virtualized. encapsulation tunnel. icmpbmcastecho static int ip_icmp.c Tunable flag. Disables Not virtualized. broadcasting of ICMP echo and timestamp packets. icmpdst static struct ip_icmp.c Saves the source address for Virtualized. sockaddr_in ifaof_ifpforaddr. icmpgw static struct ip_icmp.c Holds the ip source address in Virtualized. sockaddr_in icmp_input. May not be necessary icmplim static int ip_icmp.c Tunable. ICMP error-response Not virtualized. band with limiting sysctl. icmpmaskrepl static int ip_icmp.c Tunable flag. Enables ICMP Not virtualized. mask replacement. icmpprintfs int ip_icmp.c Enables printfs in icmp code. Not virtualized. icmpsrc static struct ip_icmp.c Holds the ip dest address in Virtualized. sockaddr_in icmp_input. May not be necessary icmpstat static struct ip_icmp.c Icmp statistics. Virtualized. icmpstat if_indeX int if.c Number of configured Virtualized. interfaces. if_indexliM static int if.c Number of entries in Virtualized. ifnet_addrS array. ifneT struct ifnethead if.c Head of list of ifnet structures. Virtualized. ifnet_addrS struct iffaddr ** if.c Array of pointers to link level Virtualized. interface addresses. ifqmaxlen int if.c Constant. Maximum queue Invariant. length for interface queue. igmp_all_hosts_group static u_long igmp.c Host order of Invariant. INADDR_ALLHOSTS_GROUP constant igmp_all_rtrs_group static u_long igmp.c Host order of Invariant. INADDR_ALLRTS_GROUP constant. igmp_timers_are_running static int igmp.c Flag indicating any igmp timer Virtualized. is active. igmprt static struct route igmp.c Temporary variable. Invariant. igmpstat static struct igmp.c Igmp statistics. Virtualized. igmpstat in_ifaddrheaD struct ip_input.c Head of in_ifaddr structure list. Virtualized. in_ifaddrhead in_interfaces static int in.c Incremented each time a non- Invariant. loopback interface is added to Never read. in_ifaddrheaD. Not read. Dead code. in_multiheaD struct in.c Head of list of Virtualized. in_multihead in_multistructures (multicast address). inetclerrmap u_char [ ] ip_input.c Array of constants (error Invariant. numbers). inetdomain struct domain in_proto.c Pointers to switch table, Invariant. initialization, etc. for internet domain. inetsw struct protosw in_proto.c Pointers to entry points for Invariant. various internet protocols. inited static int if.c Flag indicating initialization Invariant. has been performed. Initialization does all vnets. ip_acceptsourceroute static int ip_input.c Tunable flag. Enables Tunable. Not acceptance of source routed virtualized. packets. ip_defttl int ip_input.c Tunable. Default time to live Tunable. Not from RFC 1340. virtualized. ip_divert_cookiE u_int16_t ip_divert.c Cookie passed to user process. Virtualized. ip_divert_porT u_short ip_divert.c Global “argument” to Virtualized. div_input. Used to avoid changing prototype. ip_dosourceroute static int ip_input.c Tunable flag. Enables acting as Tunable. Not a router. virtualized. ip_fw_chaiN struct ip_fw_head ip_fw.c Head of ip firewall chains. Virtualized. ip_fw_chk_ptr ip_fw_chk_t * ip_input.c IP firewall function callout Invariant. pointer; value depends on loading fw module. ip_fw_ctl_ptr ip_fw_ctl_t * ip_input.c IP firewall function callout Invariant. pointer; value depends on loading fw module. ip_fw_default_rulE struct ip_fw.c Pointer to default rule for Virtualized. ip_fw_chain* firewall processing. ip_fw_fwd_addR struct ip_input.c IP firewall address. Virtualized. sockaddr_in * ip_ID u_short ip_output.c IP packet identifier Virtualized. (increments). ip_mcast_src ulong (*)(int) ip_mroute.c Pointer to function; selection Invariant. depends on compile options. ip_mforward int(*)(struct ip *, ip_mroute.c Function pointer set by module Invariant. struct ifnet *, . . .) installation. ip_mrouteR struct socket * ip_mroute.c Socket of multicast router Virtualized. program. ip_mrouter_done int (*)(void) ip_mroute.c Function pointer set by module Invariant. installation. ip_mrouter_get int (*)(struct ip_mroute.c Function pointer selected by Invariant. socket *, struct compile options. sockopt *) ip_mrouter_set int (*)(struct ip_mroute.c Function pointer selected by Invariant. socket *, struct compile options. sockopt *) ip_nat_clt_ptr ip_nat_ctl_t * ip_input.c IP firewall function callout Invariant. hook; set by module install. ip_nat_ptr ip_nat_t * ip_input.c IP firewall function callout Invariant. hook; set by module install. ip_nhops static int ip_input.c Hop count for previous source Virtualized. route. ip_protox u_char ip_input.c Maps protocol numbers to Invariant. [PROTO_MAX] inetsw array. ip_rsvpD struct socket * ip_input.c Pointer to socket used by rsvp Virtualized. daemon. ip_rsvp_on static int ip_input.c Boolean indicating rsvp is Virtualized. active. ip_srcrt struct ip_srcrt ip_input.c Previous source route. Virtualized. ipaddR struct ip_input.c Holds ip destination address for Virtualized. sockaddr_in option processing. ipflowS static struct ip_flow.c Hash table head for ipflow Virtualized. ipflowhead structs. ipflow_active static int ip_flow.c Tunable. Enables “fast Invariant. forwarding” flow code. ipflow_inuse static int ip_flow.c Count of active flow structures. Virtualized. ipforward_rt static struct route ip_input.c Cached route for ip forwarding. Virtualized. iforwarding int ip_input.c Tunable that enabales ip Virtualized. forwarding. ipintrq struct ifqueue ip_input.c Ip interrupt request queue for Invariant. incoming packets. Vnet set when packets dequeued. ipport_firstauto static int ip_pcb.c Bounds on ephemeral ports. Invariant. ipport_hifirstauto static int ip_pcb.c Bounds on ephemeral ports. Invariant. ipport_hilastauto static int ip_pcb.c Bounds on ephemeral ports. Invariant. ipport_lastauto static int ip_pcb.c Bounds on ephemeral ports. Invariant. ipport_lowfirstauto static int ip_pcb.c Bounds on ephemeral ports. Invariant. ipport_lowlastauto static int ip_pcb.c Bounds on ephemeral ports. Invariant. ipprintfs static int ip_input.c Flag for debug print. Invariant. ipq static struct ipq ip_input.c Head of ip reassembly hash Virtualized. [IPREASS_NHASH] lists. ipqmaxlen static int ip_input.c Patchable constant that sets Invariant. maximum queue length for ipintrq. isendredirects static int ip_input.c Tunable that enable sending Invariant. redirect messages. istaT struct ipstat ip_input.c Ip statistics counters. Virtualized. k_igmpsrc static struct ip_mroute.c Prototype sockaddr_in. Invariant. sockaddr_in last_adjusted_timeout static int ip_rmx.c Time value of last adjusted Virtualized. timeout. last_encap_src static u_long ip_mroute.c Cache of last encapsulated Virtualized. source address? last_encap_vif struct vif * ip_mroute.c Last encapsulated volume tag Virtualized. (vif). last_zeroed static int radix.c Number of bytes zeroed last Invariant. time in addmask_key. legal_vif_num int (*)(int) ip_mroute.c Pointer to function selected by Invariant. module installation. llinfo_arP struct if_ether.c Head of llinfo_arp linked list. Virtualized. llinfo_arp_head log_in_vain static int tcp_input.c Tunables that enable logging of Invariant. udp_usrreq.c “in vain” connections. loif struct ifnet if_loop.c Array of ifnet structs fro Invariant. [NLOOP] loopback device. One per device, therefore invariant. mask_rnhead struct radix.c Head of mask tree. Invariant. radix_node_head * max_keylen static int radix.c Maximum key length of any Invariant. domain. .maxnipq static int ip_input.c Constant (nmbcluslter/4) that is Invariant? maximum number of ip Scaled? fragments waiting assembly. Note: should this be scaled by VNET? mfctable static struct mfc * ip_mroute.c Head of mfc hash table. Virtualized. [MFCTBLSIZ] mrt_ioctl int (*)(int, ip_mroute.c Function pointer selected by Invariant. caddr_t, struct module initialization. proc*) mrtdebug static u_int ip_mroute.c Enables debug log messages. Invariant. mrtstat static struct ip_mroute.c Multicast routing statistics. Virtualized. mrtstat mtutab static int [ ] ip_icmp.c Static table of constants. Invariant. multicast_decap_if static struct ifnet ip_mroute.c Fake encapsulator interfaces. Virtualized. [MAXVIFS] multicast_encap_iphdr static struct ip ip_mroute.c Multicast encapsulation header. Invariant. nexpire static u_char ip_mroute.c Count of number of expired Virtualized. [MFCTBLSIZ] entries in hash table? nipq static int ip_input.c Number of ip fragment chains Virtualized. awaiting reassembly. normal_chars static char [ ] radix.c Static table of mask constants. Invariant. nousrreqs static struct in_proto.c Static structure of null function Invariant. pr_usrreqs ipx_proto.c pointers. null_sdl.96 static struct if_ether.c Static null sockaddr_dl Invariant. sockaddr_dl structure. numvifs static vifi_t ip_mroute.c Number of virtual interface Virtualized. structures. old_chk_ptr static ip_fw.c Function pointer holding Invariant. ip_fw_chk_t previous state when module loads. old_ctl_ptr static ip_fw_ctl_t ip_fw.c Function pointer holding Invariant. previous state when module loads. paritytab static unsigned ppp_tty.c Static array of parity constants. Invariant. [8] pim_assert static int ip_mroute.c Enables pim assert processing. Virtualized. ppp_compressors static struct if_ppp.c Static list of known ppp Invariant. compressor [8] compressors. ppp_softc struct ppp_softc if_ppp.c Array of softc structures for Invariant. pppdisc [NPPP] ppp driver; one per device. raw_recvspace static u_long raw_cb.c Patchable constant that is Invariant. amount of receive space to reserve in socket. raw_sendspace static u_long raw_cb.c Patchable constant that is Invariant. amount of send space to reserve in socket. raw_usrreqs struct protosw raw_usrreq.c Table of function pointers. Invariant. rawcb_lisT struct raw_cb.c Head of rawcb (raw prototocol Virtualized. rawcb_list_head control blocks) list. rawclnsdomain struct domain raw_clns.c Table of function pointers. Invariant. rip_recvspace static u_long raw_ip.c Tunable, amount of receive Tunable. Not space to reserve in socket. virtualized. rip_sendspace static u_long raw_ip.c Tunable, amount of send space Tunable. Not to reserve in socket. virtualized. rip_usrreqs struct pr_usrreqs raw_ip.c Table of function pointers. Invariant. ripcb static struct raw_ip.c Head of raw ip control blocks Virtualized. inpcbhead ripcbinfo struct inpcbinfo raw_ip.c Pcb info. structure for raw ip. Virtualized. ripsrc static struct raw_ip.c Static temporary variable in Invariant. sockaddr_in rip_input rn_mkfreelist static struct radix.c Cache of free radix_mask Invariant. radix_mask * structures. rn_ones static char * radix.c One mask computed from Invariant. maximum key length. rn_zeros static char * radix.c Zeros mask computed from Invariant. maximum key length. ro static struct route ip_mroute.c Temporary variable to hold Invariant. ro route. route_cB struct route_cb route.c Counts on the number of Virtualized. routing socket listeners per protocol. route_dst static struct rtsock.c Null address structure for Invariant. sockaddr route destination. route_proto static struct rtsock.c Static prototype of structure Invariant. sockproto used to pass routing info. route_src static struct rtsock.c Null address structure for Invariant. sockaddr source. route_usrreqs static struct rtsock.c Table of function pointers for Invariant. pr_usrreqs entry points. routedomain struct domain rtsock.c Table of function pointers for Invariant. entry points. route_alert static struct mbuf * igmp.c Statically constructed router Invariant. alert option. routesw struct protosw rtsock.c Table of function pointers for Invariant. entry points. rsvp_oN int ip_input.c Count of number of open rsvp Virtualized. control sockets. rsvp_src static struct ip_mroute.c Sockaddr prototype. Invariant. sockaddr_in rsvpdebug static u_int ip_mroute.c Enables debug print. Invariant. rt_tableS struct route.c Head of the routing tables (a Virtualized. radix_node_head table per address family.) * [AF_MAX + 1] rtq_minreallyold static int in_rmx.c Tunable; minimum time for old Invariant. routes to expire. rtq_reallyold statinc int in_rmx.c Amount of time before old Virtualized. routes expire. rtq_timeout static int in_rmx.c Patchable constant timeout Invariant. value for walking the routing tree. rtq_toomany static int in_rmx.c Tunable that represents the Invariant. number of active routes in the tree. rtstaT struct rtstat route.c Routing statistics structure. Virtualized. rttrash static int route.c Number of rtentrys not linked Dead code. Not to the routing table. Never read, virtualized. dead code. sa_zero struct sockaddr rtsock.c Zero address return in error Invariant. conditions. sin static struct if_ether.c Sockaddr prototype passed to Invariant. sockaddr_inarp if_mroute.c rtallocl. sl_softc static struct if_sl.c Softc structure for slip driver; Invariant. sl_soft [NSL] one per device. slipdisc static struct if_sl.c Table of function pointers to Invariant. linesw slip entry points. srctun static int ip_mroute.c Counter throttling error Invariant. message to log. subnetsarelocal static int in.c Tunable flag indicating subnets Virtualized. are local. tbfdebug static u_int ip_mroute.c Tbf debug level. Invariant. tbftable static struct tbf ip_mroute.c Token bucket filter structures. Virtualized. [MAXVIFS] tcB struct inpcbhead tcp_input.c Head structure for tcp pcb Virtualized. structures. tcbinfO struct inpcbinfo tcp_input.c PCB info structure for tcp. Virtualized. tcp_backoff int [ ] tcp_timer.c Table of times for tcp backff Invariant. processing. tcp_ccgeN tcp_cc tcp_input.c Connection count (per rfc Virtualized. (u_int32_t) 1644). tcp_delack_enabled int tcp_input.c Tunable that enables delayed Tunable. Not acknowledgments. virtualized. tcp_do_rfc1323 static int tcp_subr.c Tunable enables rcf 1323 Tunable. Not (window scaling and virtualized. timestamps.) tcp_do_rfc1644 static int tcp_subr.c Tunable enables rfc 1644. Tunable. Not virtualized. tcp_keepcnt static int tcp_timer.c Patchable constant for Invariant. maximum number of probes before a drop. tcp_keepidle int tcp_timer.c Tunable value for keep alive Tunable. Not idle timer. virtualized. tcp_keepinit int tcp_timer.c Tunable value for initial Tunable. Not connect keep alive. virtualized. tcp_maxidle int tcp_timer.c Product of tcp_keepcnt * Invariant. tcp_keepintvl; recomputed in slow timeout. tcp_maxpersistidle static int tcp_timer.c Patchable constant that is Invariant. default time before probing. tcp_mssdflt int tcp_subr.c Tunable default maximum Tunable. Not segment size. virtualized. tcp_noW u_long tcp_input.c 500 msec. counter for RFC1323 Virtualized. timestamps. tcp_outflags u_char tcp_fsm.h Static table of flags in Invariant. [TCP_NSTATES] tcp_output. tcp_rttdflt static int tcp_subr.c Tunable. Dead code, value not Invariant. Dead accessed. code. tcp_sendspace u_long tcp_usrreq Tunable value for amount of Tunable. Not send space to reserve on socket. virtualized. tcp_totbackoff static int tcp_timer.c Sum of tcp_backoff. Invariant. tcp_usrreqs struct pr_usrreqs tcp_usrreq.c Table of function pointers for Invariant. tcp user request functions. tcprexmtthresh static int tcp_input.c Patchable constant; number of Invariant. duplicate acks to trigger fast retransmit. tcpstaT struct tcpstat tcp_input.c TCP statistics structure. Virtualized. tun_cdevsw struct cdevsw if_tun.c Table of function pointers for Invariant. tunnel interface entry points. tun_devsw_installed static int if_tun.c Flag indiating tun devsw table Invariant. installed. tunctl static struct if_tun.c Softc structure for tunnel Invariant. tun_softc interface; one per device. [NTUN] tundebug static int if_tun.c Flag enables debut print. Invariant. udb static struct udp_usrreq.c UDP inpcb head structure. Virtualized. inpcbhead udbinfo static struct udp_usrreq.c UDP inpcb info. structure. Virtualized. inpcbinfo udp_in static struct udp_usrreq.c Prototype sockaddr for Invariant. sockaddr_in AF_INET. udp_recvspace static u_long udp_usrreq.c Tunable; amount of receive Tunable. Not space to reserve on socket. virtualized. udp_sendspace static u_long udp_usrreq.c Tunable; amount of send space Tunable. Not to reserve on socket. virtualized. udp_usrreqs struct pr_usrreqs udp_usrreq.c Table of function pointers for Invariant. entry points. udpcksum static int udp_usrreq.c Tunable; enables udp Tunable. Not checksumming. virtualized. udpstat struct udpstat udp_usrreq.c Udp statistics structure. Virtualized. useloopback static int if_ether.c Tunable; enables use of Tunable. Not loopback device for localhost. virtualized. version static int ip_mroute.c Version number of MRT Invariant. protocol. viftable static struct vif ip_mroute.c Table of vifs (virtual interface Virtualized. [MAXVIFS] structure). zeroin_addr struct in_addr in_pcb.c Zero'd internet address. Invariant. NOTE: In the Analysis/Disposition column, “Virtualized” means the variable becomes an array when vnets are configured (see the description above); “Invariant” means a separate instance of the variable is not needed for different vnet domains; and “Not Virtualized” means there was a choice about virtualization (e.g., whether a Tunable could have a different value in different domains), but the choice was made not to virtualize the variable.

Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps. 

1. A routing system comprising: a physical router; and a plurality of virtual routers hosted on the physical host router; wherein a first set of variables in an operating system on the physical router are specific to the virtual routers; and wherein a second set of variables in the operating system are shared by the virtual routers.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said operating system runs on a control processor within the physical router.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the operating system is based on UNIX.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the operating system manages reporting of hardware failures across multiple virtual routers.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein a respective virtual router comprises routing software applications.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein a respective routing software application comprises an instance of a dynamic routing protocol (DRP).
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein a respective routing software application comprises an instance of simple network management protocol (SNMP).
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein a respective virtual-router-specific variable is a component of an array; and wherein a virtual-router-specific variable is accessible by a macro reference in a respective virtual router.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein said macros generate scalar variables when said virtual router is deconfigured.
 10. A method, comprising: configuring an operating system on a physical router; and configuring a plurality of virtual routers hosted on the physical router; wherein a first set of variables in the operating system are specific to the virtual routers; and wherein a second set of variables in the operating system are shared by the virtual routers.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the virtual-router-specific variables are generated by macros.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the macros generate arrays of virtual-router-specific variables when the virtual router is configured.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the macros generate scalar variables when the virtual router is deconfigured.
 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the operating system runs on a control processor within the physical router.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the operating system is based on the UNIX operating system.
 16. The method of claim 10, wherein a respective virtual router comprises routing software applications.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein a respective virtual router comprises an instance of DRP.
 18. The method of claim 10, wherein a process in a respective virtual router manages instantiation of a common networking code. 